Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the FACTOR structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory FACTOR analysis showed that there are two FACTORs "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory FACTOR analysis. Altogether results of this research showed FACTOR validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two FACTOR pattern

Benthos has an important role in aquatic ecosystem as food material, transporting and recycling the food and mineralizing the organic materials. For this study nine physiochemical FACTORs of water were measured with water checker and photometers and discharge, depth, width, and type bottom of stream. Likewise benthoses were sampled with surber Sampler (covered 930.25 cm2) from 13 stations, during November 2007. Sample analysis showed 8 animal groups, which some recognized as orders, some in family, and genus. Three dominant macro benthos communities in Zarrin-Gol River contained ephemeroptera, diptera (simulidae, chironomidae) and trichoptera. Other taxa with less abundant consisted of pelecoptera, tabanidae, hironidae, and oligochaeta (Lumbricus). PHYSICOCHEMICAL parameters, phosphate, PH and nitrite had significant differences on the ephemeroptera, nitrate on the trichoptera, and phosphate on the diptera frequency. The maximum and minimum total abundance were 3858 ind.m-2 in station 2 and 280.7 ind.m-2 in station 13. By the Shannon index, maximum and minimum diversity was in reach. By the evenness, reach and mead stream had the lowest and highest species homogeneity. By Jaccard index, adjusted stations had not significant difference on the having of benthic fauna.

Background: Breast cancer is a multiFACTORial potentially lethal disease that is triggered by genetic FACTORs as well as numerous environmental FACTORs. The present research aimed to examine the expression of Vascular endothelial growth FACTOR messenger RNA (VEGF mRNA), cytokeratin-19 mRNA (CK19 mRNA), and vascular endothelial growth FACTOR (VEGF) protein biomarker in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer.Methods: 40 patients with breast cancer were compared to 40 healthy individuals. The real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) method was used to determine the expressions of the CK19 mRNA and VEGF mRNA biomarkers in the peripheral blood samples of the healthy participants and the patients. The VEGF protein was also compared using the (ELISA) method.Findings: The positive VEGF mRNA biomarker was observed in 30 of the 40 patients with breast cancer; thus the sensitivity of this marker was 75%. In the healthy participants group, 6 of the 40 participants showed a positive VEGF mRNA biomarker expression. The CK19 mRNA marker was positive in 25 of the 40 patients, which indicated a sensitivity of 62.5%. In the healthy participants group, the positive expression of the CK19 mRNA biomarker was observed in 7 of the 40 participants. VEGF was positive in 27 of the 40 patients. In the control group, 5 of the 40 participants showed the positive expression of this biomarker.Conclusion: In sum, based on the results of this research, the assessed breast cancer tumor markers can be used as screening tests for the early diagnosis of patients. To further prove the findings of this study, more extensive studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is one of the most widely used personality questionnaires, but very few studies have been conducted on its psychometric properties in Iranian population. This study was carried out with the aim of studying the psychometric properties of the BFI questionnaire. For this purpose, 390 university students in Tehran (210 girls and 180 boys) with an age range of 18 to 56 years (M = 27.52; SD = 8.79) were selected using the convenience sampling method and completed BFI and NEO-FFI questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha, multitrait-multimethod matrix, and confirmatory FACTOR analysis were used to estimate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The result of the confirmatory FACTOR analysis showed that 15 of the 44 items did not have a strong FACTOR loading (higher than 0.40) on the corresponding FACTORs and were therefore removed from the questionnaire. The fit indices showed that the Persian version of 29 questions (BFI-29) with 5 FACTORs has a good fit with the data. The reliability analysis also showed that the range of Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the FACTORs is from 0.70 to 0.79. The lowest Cronbach's alpha coefficient was related to agreeableness FACTOR and the highest was related to conscientiousness. The findings from the multitrait-multimethod matrix showed that the BFI-29 questionnaire has good convergent and divergent validity with the NEO-FFI questionnaire. In general, based on the results of the present study, it can be said that the BFI-29 questionnaire has desirable psychometric properties and whenever a short tool for personality measurement is needed, this questionnaire can be used.

Background and aim: Given the prevalence of microleakage in composites and their known complications and lack of reporting of the influence of cavity depth and diameter on the same c-FACTOR on the microleakage of composite cavities, this study investigated the effect of microleakage on composite cavities in identical C FACTORs. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study on 40 specimen (4 group of 10 each ) Cylindrical cavities with different volumes were prepared using diamond bur no. 006 in buccal surface of teeth (cFACTOR = 5). Height and width of cavities, respectively: Group I: Height and diameter 2 mm. groupII: height 2 and diameter 4 mm. Group III: height 4 and diameter 2 mm. Group IV: height and diameter 4 mm. All teeth were then restored with the same procedure. The specimens were then placed in a thermocyclic machine. The microleakage was evaluated using 50% weight silver nitrate findings were statishtically evaluated with kruscallwallis test considering significant level of 0. 05. Result: There was no significant difference between Gingival leakages in 4 groups (p = 0. 163). There was a significant difference between 4 groups in occlusal leakage and groups 1 with 2, 2 with 3 and 2 with 4 revealed differences significantly. (P=0. 019) Comparing gingival and occlusal microleakage between groups 1, 3, 4.: there was not significant difference. (P>0. 05) Group 2, there was significant difference between occlusal and gingival microleakage at p = 0. 004 and gingival leakage rate was significantly greater than occlusal leakage. (P<0. 05) Conclusion: There was no significant direct correlation between C-FACTOR and microleakage, but it seems, microleakage was increased with increasing the cavity dimention.

Phytoremediation of lead using plants in lead-contaminated soils is a new and safe environmental technology. By adding chelators and increasing plant extraction, the efficiency of this technology can be increased. In this regard, we evaluated the effect of adding EDTA chelates to lead-contaminated soils to investigate the amount of lead accumulation in a medicinal plant, Calendula officinalis. We designed a FACTORial experiment in the form of a completely randomized, with three replicates in pots and two FACTORs including EDTA at two levels (0, 50 mg kg-1) and lead at four levels (0, 30, 90, and 270 mg kg-1). In this plant, the accumulation of lead was accompanied by an increase in the amount of lead in the soil due to the addition of EDTA to the soil. The results showed that EDTA significantly increased the lead translocation of lead from roots to the aerial part of the plant.Total Chl. and shoot dry weight decrease significantly in EDTA treatment than control specific at a high level of Pb in the soil. Also, the results showed that EDTA increased lead removal from soil to soil solution and increased lead translocation from roots to the aerial part of the plant of Calendula officinalis. In general, the results of this research showed that with the careful management and EDTA use in lead extraction, it has provided a cost-effective and safe environmentally strategy.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). There is a correlation between up-regulation of a variety of cytokines with inflammatory reactions in multiple sclerosis lesions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity resistance exercise program on prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (a model for studying multiple sclerosis).Methods: Resistance exercises were performed for 6 weeks, 5 days a week. Training program started with 50% of rats' body weight. In the first session, animals performed 8 to 10 repetitions (up the ladder) with 2-minute rest intervals. Rats were immunized with spinal cord and complete adjuvant of guinea pigs. Disease process and changes in rats' weights were measured every day. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model was induced at the end of the sixth week of training.Findings: Resistance training in Lewis female rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis resulted in a significant reduction in tumor necrosis FACTOR-alpha (TNF-a) (P=0.001) and a significant increase in interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P=0.001). However, it did not cause significant changes in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic FACTOR (BDNF) (P=0.055). In addition, clinical symptoms in exercised rats were postponed.Conclusion: Regarding the results, it appears that resistance exercises with necessary duration and intensity delay the onset, reduce the severity of clinical symptoms, and decrease TNF-a, increase IL-10, with no change in BDNF, in Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.